Description
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantae | Magnoliophyta | Magnoliopsida | Gentianales | Gentianaceae | Centaurium |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1867 | Unknown | Unknown | Introduced | Regular Resident | Europe | Eurasia | Shipping(Dry Ballast) |
History of Spread
Centaurium spicatum (Spiked Centaury) is native to Eurasia (Fernald 1950). It was first collected in North America on Nantucket MA in 1829 (McKeever 1968) and is apparently still established there (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). It has also been reported from Chesapeake Bay, in Portsmouth VA (Gray 1867), and from Dorchester county MD, on Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (Tatnall 1946). Its habitat is described as 'borders of sandy salt marshes” (Robinson and Fernald 1908; Fernald 1950). We are aware of no Chesapeake record more recent than the 1940s. In Harvill et al’s (1992) 'Atlas of the Virginia Flora', the Portsmouth VA record is listed as a 'waif' (failed introduction).
History References- Fernald 1950; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Gray 1867; Harvill et al 1992; McKeever 1968; Robinson and Fernald 1908
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | |||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | poly-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 400.0 | 400.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Centaurium spicatum (Spiked Centaury) is of uncertain establishment in Chesapeake Bay and has no known economic impacts.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Centaurium spicatum (Spiked Centaury) is rare and localized in North America and has no known economic impacts.
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Centaurium spicatum (Spiked Centaury) is of uncertain establishment in Chesapeake Bay and has no known impacts on native biota.
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Centaurium spicatum (Spiked Centaury) is of uncertain establishment in Chesapeake Bay and has no known impacts on exotic biota.
References
Brown, Melvin L.; Brown, Russell G. (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, , College Park. Pp.Fernald, Merritt L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A. (1963) The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur (1991) Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , Bronx, New York. Pp.
Gray, Asa (1867) A manual of botany of the northern United States., In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.
MacKeever, Frank C. (1968) Native and naturalized plants of Nantucket., In: (Eds.) . , Amherst MA. Pp.
1997-2024 USDA PLANTS Database.. Onine databse
Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln; Fernald, Merrit L. (1908) Gray's New Manual of Botany., , New York. Pp.
Tatnall, Robert R. (1946) Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore, , Wilmington. Pp.
Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V. H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters, S. M.; Webb, D. A. (1964) Flora Europea, , Cambridge UK. Pp.